Park SJ, Park CS, Yoon H (2017) Chemo-electrical gas sensors based on conducting polymer hybrids. Īdlimoghaddam A, Sabbir MG, Albensi BC (2016) Ammonia as a potential neurotoxic factor in Alzheimer’s disease. Stern RA, Mozdziak PE (2019) Differential ammonia metabolism and toxicity between avian and mammalian species, and effect of ammonia on skeletal muscle: A comparative review. Li M, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Lucic G, Williams J (2020) Human ammonia emission rates under various indoor environmental conditions. Nair AA, Yu F (2020) Quantification of atmospheric ammonia concentrations: A review of its measurement and modeling. Wang W, Wang S, Xu J, Zhou R, Shi C, Zhou B (2016) Gas-phase ammonia and PM2.5 ammonium in a busy traffic area of Nanjing, China. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good reusability, fast response (~ 19 s), and rapid recovery (~ 277 s) with a detection limit of 0.041 ppm and a relative standard deviation of 0.76%. Our results indicated that graphene doped with ~ 15 nm-sized CuO nanoparticles can sense NH 3 gas selectively with a resistivity response of ~ 83%. This caused a change in the concentration of charge carriers in the valence channel of graphene and an increase in graphene resistivity, facilitating real-time NH 3 monitoring with quick response and rapid recovery at 25 ℃ and ~ 55% relative humidity. Upon exposure of the pristine graphene surface to NH 3 gas, NH 3 reacted with O 2 −/ O −/ O 2− species on the graphene surface and released electrons into graphene. CuO nanoparticle doping induces changes in the electronic properties of graphene in particular, p-type doping significantly altered graphene resistivity in the presence of NH 3 gas. Pristine graphene was doped with an aqueous suspension of CuO nanoparticles at a coating speed of 1500 rpm using a simple spin coater. Approximately 15 nm-sized CuO colloidal nanoparticles were fabricated by a microwave-assisted thermal method using copper acetate as the precursor, and dimethylformamide as the reducing and stabilizing agent. High-quality single-layer graphene was grown using chemical vapor deposition. A highly sensitive and selective NH 3 gas sensor was developed based on single-layer pristine graphene doped with copper(II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles of a specific size.
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